Naturalization: the N-400 process
The requirements and steps to become a US citizen through naturalization using Form N-400.
- Most applicants must be lawful permanent residents for at least 5 years (3 if married to a US citizen).
- You must meet continuous residence, physical presence and good moral character requirements.
- You must pass an English and civics test.
- Form N-400 is the application; an interview and oath follow.
Eligibility requirements
To naturalise, you must generally be a lawful permanent resident for at least 5 years, or 3 years if married to and living with a US citizen.
You must be at least 18 and meet continuous residence and physical presence requirements.
Residence and physical presence
Continuous residence means you did not leave the US for long periods, and you must have been physically present in the US for a minimum portion of the qualifying period.
Extended absences can break continuous residence, so keep travel within the allowed limits.
English and civics test
Most applicants must pass an English test (reading, writing and speaking) and a civics test on US history and government.
There are age- and disability-based exemptions from parts of the test.
The application process
You file Form N-400, pay the fee and attend a biometrics appointment, then an interview that includes the English and civics test.
If approved, you attend a naturalisation ceremony and take the Oath of Allegiance.
Interview, decision and oath
At the interview, an officer reviews your application and administers the tests. If everything is satisfied, you receive a decision and a ceremony date.
Becoming a citizen is the final step and gives you the right to vote and a US passport.